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341. TURDUS PILARIS

Gael.I. Seacán.- siocán, socán [from sioc "freeze", a name paralleled by its other names winter-bird,frost-bird etc. and certainly not from Welsh socan "pig" (Lockwood), see Engl. fieldfare]. The Welsh name socan "Fieldfare" is from Gael.S. sioc);siocán sneachta, uiseag sneachta, glaisneach (grey), liath-thruisg.

Gael.S. Siocan.- liath-troisg, liath-ruisg, liath-truisg, glaisneach, siocan, siocan-sneachd (see Gael.I.); useag sneachda, smeorach lochlannach (from the fjordland).- ushag ny traghtee, ushag-sniaghtey Manx.

Cymry Socan eira.- socas Bangor, socen, sogen, sogen llwyd, sogiar, socan, socan llwyd, socas llwyd (see Gael.I.), adar eira, caseg eira, socan eira, aderyn y eira (snow bird), bronfraith yr eira, caseg y ddrycin, deryn y ddrychin (storm bird).

Engl. Fieldfare. This name has often been given to the Mistle Thrush. It has most often been attributed to T.pilaris in the ornithological literature because of an early and erroneous reference. Such erroneous first attributions have occured several times because of the difficulties of communications between the witness, the observer, and the cabinet worker, cf. gadwall, in reality a name for the Pintail, stonechat, a name for the Wheatear; in French litorne, a name for the Song Thrush and wrongly attributed, as fieldfare in English, to T.pilaris.

fieldfare Stlg., Berw., Nrf., n.Linc., e.Angl., fildefare Som., Heref., War., feldefare Ess., fieldvare w.Som., feltyfare Midl., Nhb., Clyde, Scot., Ire., fildifire Shrop., feldefare, feldfare War., Wor., Dur., Midl. Derby, Nhp., Ire., feldyfare (-), veldvare, velverd Wil., veldvere Wil., Som., veldever, vildyveer, veldwere Glo., veltyver Berw., felty-flyer Roxb., Loth., Lanark, feltay-fleeur c.Scot., feltie-flier Dmf., felty-flee'er Scot., felt Berw., Glo., Leic., War., Nhp., Not., Nhb., Staff., Stlg., Berw., Suss., Scot., Ire.: Ulster, Down, Donegal, Castlerock, Monlough, Cookstown, Islandmagee, Draperstown (the most widspread name), feld, felder, feldy (-), felter Surr., feltie Berw., Nhp., Not., Nhb., Staff., Suss., Stlg., felty Dmf., felti, flirty Scot., feltay c.Scot., falt Oxf., velt n.Cy., Wil., w.Som., vilt Glo., velder Heref., Berk., felter-bird Surr., veldey-bird Heref., veldey-bird Berw., velly-bird Glo., cock-felt Nhp. The division of fieldfare in field and fare is incorrect. "The bird who travels in the fields" could not be a bird's name and certainly is not characteristic of this one species. If "field" were meant, the name would be "field-thrush", like Norwegian fieldtrost or Dutch veld-jacker,veld-lyster. The root of the word is felt- or felf-, of acoustic origin (ð5.4.4.), and these names have been misapplied to Turduspilaris; in reality they were given to the Song Thrush (the most loquacious thrush), or perhaps the Mistle Thrush, before the advent of modern bird study, by the people who were the best acquainted with these species. Fieldfare is certainly not from OE "fealu fearh" as posited by Lockwood, 1984: 61, the meaning of which would be "grey piglet"; fearh is not used in any English spoken dialect and the bird's call surely cannot be "interpreted as a grunt". The Frisian fjildbok is not T.pilaris (Lockwood, loc. cit.) but the Snipe. Cf. also the following names: fellfare War., fellfor w.York., felfur n.Linc., fulfar Nrf., fulfer Nrf., Suss., e.Angl., pulfer Nrf., e.Angl., felfer Surr., Ess., Suss., York., felfer-bird Surr., felfar Nrf., Ess., York., felefare Ess.litt., felfare Not., fenfare, fendfare, fendyfare Nhb. filfare Kent., fellfo Cumb., Lakel., felfaw, fellfaw Cumb., York., fellfaa n.Lanark, veelvare Som., villvare w.Som., vulver Wil.: Huish, velverd Wil., vulvard, volevare Som., voleviers Dev., fell-throstle Cumb., felfert Suff., fellverd m.York., Wil., velverd Wil., fulfit, felfut Suff., Ess., fellfoot Suff., e.Angl., felfit w.Wor., e.Suff., fellfap Cumb. ð5.4.5..

From its colour : blue-bird Devon, blue-jack Cumb., blue-tail Midl., Nhp., w.Wor., s.War., Heref., York., Glo., Devon, blue-rump w.Som., York., blue-back Ches., Cumb., w.York., Shr., Lanc., Som., blue-wing Cumb., War., blue-felt Surr., Ire.: Antrim, Down, Cookstown, Hillsborough, blue-pigeon Ire., pigeon-felt(y)Bdf., Wil., Berw., Buck., Ches., Oxf., Suss., Cumb., Nhp., Kent, pigeon-fieldfare Suss., Oxf., Berw., Bucks., Kent, dove-felfar, dow-fulfar, dove-felfeet, dove-fulfer Nrf., Suff., Anglia, (non fulter) slate-backed throstle York., sleightholme throstle York., (for slateholm-throstle),rustleback Ches.: Little Leigh (rusty), greyback (-) (its rump is blue-grey, its back is rust-colour); blacktail Hmp.: New Forest. Other names : snowbird Salop, Glo., Dmf., snowcock Monbough, snawcock Down, Fermanagh, winter-bird Som., frost-bird Ire.: Ards, coldarse-bird Ess., herald-wind (-) (not wing) i.e. harbinger of wind; storm-cock Glo., Som., Hmp., Surr., Suss., Salop, s.Engl., Ches., Not., Lanc., York., Cumb., Nhb., Linc., Scot., Dmf., storm-bird Suss., Suff., Nrf., Dmf., storm-thrush Surr., Suss.,"stone-thrush"Ches., Dors., Som. stern-cock (-) (both for storm), foreign-felfert Suff., foreigh-thrush I.Man, scotch-thrush I.Man, Ches.: Little Leigh, norman-thrush York., Oxf., Shrop., norman-cock Londonderry, norman-gizer Oxon (northern; gizer is the Mistle-Thrush), meslim bird Suff., Norf. (muslim?), jack-bird (-), blue-jack Cumb., jack-shewall Corn. (from its call-note).

[seed-fare,french-fulfer,grey-thrush = Mistle Thrush, 340; buntling etc. = Corn Bunting, 445]

Isl . þröstur.

Norsk Gråtrost.- gråtrost Oppl., Buskerud, gråtrast V-Agder, Rogaland, gråstare V-Agder, skitt trost Buskerud , skitt trast Troms, skjettrast Rogaland, skjetatrast Hordaland, skjuttutrast N.Tr., blånakke, bresketrost, breskehauk, skjæretrost, ræpetrost Buskerud, ræptrast Vestl., skrallare Rogaland, bjørketrost Nordl., fjelltrost Oppl., fjellær Ve., skogjer Rogaland, skogtrast Troms, stortrast Troms.

Svensk Björktrast.- gråträst, grätrast, gråstarre, snöskata, snöskatæ, snöskviro, snösjoraskvatärtrast, skvättesjora, skvittertrast, skväkatrast, skvakatrast, skvaketrast, skratta, käksiken, gapatrast, glottertrast, pitärtrast, gräntrast, berkedrössla,björketröst, börketröst, kramsful, rönntrast, gäddtrast, vörtrast, drössla, droksel. [skitutrast, šitutrast, lorttrast = Dubbeltrast]

Dansk Sjagger.- skagger, sjagger, tjekker, sakker, sjækkert, kramsfugl, kramsfugl, grådrossel, blåhætte, gråhale, blånakke, bøgdrossel, katatrost, simer-gråhale; kakatrost Bornh., imit. (attributed to "sangdrossel"), simmeren Bornh. [snarrer = Misteldrossel, 340, = Sangdrossel, 339]

Nederl . Kramsvogel.-kramsvogel, kramsfeugel, krammet(s)vogel, krammes, krammesvoeëjel, kramlijser, kamlijster, veldlijster, veldtjakker, appellijster (a characteristic bird of apple orchards in winter), kwaster, kwalster, vlierscheut (also attributed to Grote Lijster), tjakker, tjaklijster, tjeplijster, tsjekliester, djakker, djaklijster, sjakker(t), kwaklijster, kweeklejster, kliester, klijster (clijstren = schetteren - Blok & Steg), schatliester, schatterliester, schaterlijster, barkmeierð5.6.6.2..-schaarlijster, skaerlyster, winterliester, treklejster, (groote) oostliester, oostlijster, oastlyster,laplandertje, grauwe lijster, döbbele liester.- skatter, fjildmantsje, lânlyster, oastmantsjeblaukop, feale (k)lyster wfries. [kreaklyster, bonte liester = Grote Lyster, 340; wijnlister = Zanglijster, 339]

Deutsch Wacholderdrossel.- wachholderdrossel Brand., wachholderdroschel Mittelfr., wacholteruögel, wacholteruögel; recholtervogel DS, weckholdervogel Schlesien, reck(h)oldervogel; räckholdervogel Basel, räckholderdröstle Nord DS, räcköldler DS: Jura, weckolderziemer Strassb., krammet(s)er, krammutzer Els., krammser Thür., krammitz, krammis Els., grammeter, grommeter, graumervogel, krammetsmerle, krammetsdroschel; kramet(s)vogel Schlesien, krammetsvogel Els., Steiermark, Schlesien, Mittelfr., kram(m)svogel Steiermark, Meckl., Holstein, Ranzau, krammtsvogel Pfalz, kramsvägel alten Pommerland, krametfogel, kramsvogel, krametser, grammeter Mittelfr., kramesvuogel Westf., krômesvull Lux., krambsvogel alten Pommerland, kransföggel Fallersleben, kransvagel Baltum (alle Drosselarten), kranzrivogel Westpriegnitz, chrammisvogel DS: Basel, AG, chramitsvogl, chränitzler BE: Mittelland, gramisvogel Basel, kranzamsel, krometfogel, kromtvogel, krammessvögell, krammesuögel, kråm(e)svuogel, krammetsdrossel, -merle, (-), kranabitter Tirol, kran(n)abet(er)Steiermark, kranawetter Wien, kromawetter Kärnt, kranevetvogel Mittelfr., krannabet(s)vogel, cranevetsvogel, kranewitsvogel, kronawitsvogel, kranewitsvogel, kronwittvogel, kranwitvogel, kronawittervogel, kromawettervogel, kronabet, kronwitten, kronewit, kronwidden, krawent(er), kaddigheister, kaddigelster (= wacholder); hejddross'l Neustadtl, heideziemer Schlesien, fjeldmansje fries. (-mönchen), brachvogel, brackvogel, brakvagel, brachamsel, blaudrossel, blawdrossel (-), blawziemer, blauvogel Schlesien, blauziemer Brand., Preussen, grosdrossel, grossziemer; tschaktschakat Lux., schacke(r)Altmark, Meckl., Gött., Grubenh., schacher Lübeck, schachdrossel; schachtdraussel Meckl., tschättere Basel: Gelterkinden, tschatschackert, jhâker(t), jhako, jhakob Lux., jacker Iburg, schack'r Altmark, schacke(r) Brand., Schlesien, schakker Ruppin, alten Pommerland, winterdrossel, -amsel (-), schneegadder Mittelfr., schneekat(t)er Bayern, Böhmerwald, Winterberg, schnieamsel Isergebirge, schneekader, schneekhaldere, schneekaterle ð5.9.6..- schneedrossel Brand., schneevogel Steiermark, schnagezer, Steiermark, schnéiläischter Lux. (leischter = Singdrossel), schneeamsel; schneeamschel Steiermark, churamsla DS: SG, kureramsel DS (= Kurland-), lanz Helg. "name ohne weitere Bedeutung".

[beinauka,lister, schomerling,ziemer etc. = Singdrossel, 339; schrik, schnärre = Misteldrossel, 340; birkendrossel = Rotdrossel, 342; lansknecht = Wachtelkönig, 146]

Franç. Grive litorne. (litorne est un nom de la Grive musicienne, 339); chacha Toulouse, Lim., H.Vienne, Lavedan, Albertville, Aiript, Yères, Bray, Morb., Orl., Amiens, Woignarue, Carlsb., tiatia Nord, Béthune, GE, kyakya nord, titia Jons, thiathia Nuits, tyityaso ALMC, tchatcha SR, Jorat, Barcelonnette, Lavedan, Cantal., H.Alpes: Crévoux, Ruffey, Montluçon, Amiens, tcha, tsatsa SR, tchatchyo Ytrac, quochacha Gard, couchocha Lgd., chac-chac Lux., Ardennes, tchaque, tchac-tchac Charl., Ardres, Boul., Calais, tchape-tchape Nivelles, chap-chap Mons, tchape wall.c., chaktresse wall., tchakteresse Liège, tchaktiresse Verv., châca Hér., chaco Tarn, Castres, Aveyr., jaco Thônes, Aveyr., chàcou-chacou Béarn., tchaco-tchaco Gers, chaca-chaca Garonne, tchintche Sancey, chinche, cinche Fr.C., Doubs, tchitche Doubs, fiafia Amiens, centre, Bigorre, Isère: Beaurepaire; SR, Grenoble, piapia Amiens, Vimeu, Hurepoix sud, Ardres, Boul., Calais, piapiasse Sav., kiakiasse, cocasse Anjou, kékasse Poitou n. (les précédents sont tous imit.), kiakar, clacar Yonne, clacsar (-), clacard Toulouse, Percy, Saurat, clapàs Garonne, ð5.12.6..- pliacard, gris pliacard Jersey, placard Manche, claque Norm., Bessin, Argentan, cliaque, claquette Norm. ð5.12.4..- jacarde, jacode Anjou, griba dzacada ALMC ð5.15.3..- japaire Mars., Aix, Agen, Lim., Barc., djapé SR ð5.15.3..- dzabyasse, dzabyato ALMC, jobiasse Loire, ð5.15.2..- jotru Sarthe, jôtrue h.Maine, ð5.9.4..

Autres noms : griouo pradèro H.Pyr., elle fréquente les prés; grive de pommier Norm., La Hague, elle fréquente les vergers de pommiers où elle se nourrit de pommes tombées ou gelées; grive de genièvre H.Marne, genévrière Sav., dhenevrèta Ain: Souclin, grivo dzunubrèyro Corr., räketruvogel Aoste: Walser de Gressoney (räketru = genièvre), fagneresse wall., mâvi de fagne Ferrières S. (de sagne, terrains humides, tourbières); coua-nèyra H.Loire, pato-nègro Aveyr., pied-noir GE, gris-pliacard, gris-mêle Jersey (merle gris), colombasse Pic. ð3.1.40..- cu-bleu Norm., treje févryér ALO, grive d'hiver JU, tiatia auvergnate Montluçon, tride d'Espagne, tour espagnòou Béarn., gâtine (-) (du Gâtinais), tourdelle Norm., flèche Anjou.

[oiseaudenerte,oiseaudemeurtre = Pie-grièche, 324; vipomére ALJA 981 est un nom du gui; jacasse,jocasse = Pie, 288]

Prov. Tourdré japairé.- chachà, couchachà, cochachà, quiaquia, co-quiaquia couloumbasso ð3.1.40..

[cerogavoto,grivomountagno etc. = Grive musicienne, 339]

Cat. Griva cerdana. (en réalité un nom de la Grive musicienne, 339; Turduspilaris n'est pas un oiseau de montagne); griva txat-txa Conflent, S.Nazari, Er, el Barcarès, Formiguera, grivàs Illa, tord burell Men., Ponsetíð3.2.32..- griva grisa, griva blava Estagell, culnegre, tordella.

[tord portalenc = Tord, 339; tordreial = Griva, 340]

Basque Garraztarro errege.

Esp. Zorzal real. (en réalité un nom de la Grive draine, 340); xácha Gal.: Féas, cháchara (-), tordo castellano Gal., charro galacho Huesca (= forastero), arisco Gal.: T.da Bairrado ð4.6.2..

Port, Tordo zorzal. ("zornal" est une err. pour zorzal).tordeia minhoqueira Arco de Baulhe, tordo francês.

Ital. Cesena. (en réalité un nom de la Grive musicienne, 339); ciac-ciac b.Piem., Tortona, Novi, ciaciaca b.Pinerol., cic-caca Novi Ligure, cec Oss., ciac, tordo ciàco Ven., tordo cac Cadore, tordo ciac, merlo ciac Sacile, griva ceca Piem., ciàcola Berg., S.Gallo, ciaciara Cuneo, ciacaron Mod., tordo ciacaron Ven., ciaciáReggioC.: Palmi, quà-quà Bresc., Slàc, uslàc Verc., gardena bajaröla Berg., Bresc., Pezaze, gardenola bajarella V.Ledro; baiá, Bresc., "crier" (grive), baaröla Bresc.: Borgosatello, gardena bajadura Bresc.: Chiari, "perchè la sua voce assomiglia un po' al latrare di un cagnetto" Carini ð5.19.2..- colombenna Parm., colombella Vergato, Garf., clumbèna Mod., Bol., Imole, clumbèla Mod., clumbeina Bol., tordo colombin Ven., Bell., Feltre, turdu culumbeini AIS, turdu culumbinu Gallur., trudu culumbinu Sard. ð3.1.40..- palomb Zocca ð3.1.39..- gardéna mulinéra Bresc. ð3.6.34..- turdu colori de cenizu, turdu de colori cinizu Sard., coua-neira Piem., b.Piem., tordo dalla coa nera Feltre, jeracòcculo, jeracòcuddo, marvizzajeròtica Bova, ReggioC.: Melicuccà, jeracûcudu, jaracòculu, jiricòcula, jiracòcula, caracócula, caracûcula, carracòculu, cûcurda, curcûrda, jeracûcurdu, jerucûcurdu, jeracûrdaca, jeracûrda, kharacûrda, kharacûcurda, kharacûrdaca, jaracûrdaca, chiaracurdaca, caracurdaca ReggioC., agghjiricurda, jiriuórdina Cal., jiricatórtura, cutûrdu, cutûrda Mess., (il est possible que les noms de ce groupe se donnent à la Grive draine, 340; c'est cependant T.pilaris qui a la tête grise; de jera, gris ð3.2.26., et cocula tête ð4.1.4.1., les formes dernières citées, avec influence de turdu);zenevrón Istr., Friuli, Cividale, znevrèn Parm., ginèura V.Non, gineprone Istr., Rov., griva de genever Piem., gardena di zinevri Trent., turdrèn snevar Pav., turdren dal snevar Varzi, spinarol Carpi, Bell., spinaröl Moena, tordo spinerol Trent., tordo spinariol Ven., tordo spinarol Ver., Lavis, tordo spinarolo Valsug., tord spinaroeul Lomb., spinárd Lomb., Valt., Mod., Bresc., Verolavecchia, turt spinárd Gargnano, durd spinárd Valt.: Sondrio, spinart Crem., Emil., spenardt Bagolino, tord spinard Pinzolo, tordo spinard Condino, tordo spinardo Riva, Ver.; spinarèla = genévrier - Garbini, 1925; cranebet voghel Lus., cranabet voghel Asiago, cranebetter, crenebetter, Primiero, cranabit Folgaria (all. krannabetvogel);gardéna forestéra Roccafranca, gardénola forestéra Gargnano, tordela forestiera Pisa (étrangère), tordo todescho Primiero (elle est un hôte d'hiver), gardénola dè la nivf Bagolino.

[calandra,grivad'muntagna etc.= Tordo, 339; sturlenga = Tordela, 340]

R.Rom. Dresch grisch.- merl grisch Engad., merla pintscha Sursilv. ð3.7.2.2..- utschi da geneivra Sursilv.

Roum. Sturz de iarnâ.- cocoSar-de-mârâcine, cocoSár-de-mâciese (de buissons épineux = genévrier).

Grec Kedrótsichla.

Alb. Tushë e madh fushe. [mulli-bardhë = Grive draine, 340]

Bulg. Xvoúnov Drozd.- sivoglav drozd.

Sbc. Drozd bravenjak.- zbravarun I.Vis, bravenjak, borovnjak, bravar(ica), bravaruSa, brabarica, babarica, zbravarica, brinovac, brinovec, brinovka, brinjac, brinjak, brinjarka, brinavka, brinovka, brinevka, brinevac, brinjeS, brinjug, brljug, brnjog, bernjug, branjug, vranjug, brnjak, brnjavac, prnjovka, prinovka (des genévriers), smrekar, smrekulj, smrikulj, Smrekulj, smrikovac, smrkavac, smricarica, Smrikarica, Smrekarica, Smrikvar (des genévriers); fenjarka, venjar, venjaS(hg. fenyö "genévrier - Hirtz); lajavac Dubr. ð5.11.2..- kvicela, cvicar ð5.13.1..- djerak, derak ð3.2.26..- jatar(nik), jatara, jatarnik, jatarnjak, jatarnjar (cf. jatniti "s'attrouper", jato "vol en troupe", cette grive ayant l'habitude de se tenir en troupes en hiver); plem (qui s'attroupe); planiStar Konavle, drozdelj planinski, drozdelj manzi Dubr., drozgolizma, droScica.

[mlacnjak,smolnica = Drozd imelaS, 340; zutak = Drozd gitavac, 342]

Tch. Kvicala.- (Tous les noms slaves se rapportant à cette racine et attribués à Turdus pilaris sont en réalité des noms de la Grive musicienne, 340). brávník, brabnik, vrábnik, bravník, brábník, drábník, drávník, travník (des genévriers), jalovcak (id.), smeSciSar (cf. roum. cocosár-de-mâciese).

Slk. Cvíkota.- (en réalité un nom de la Grive musicienne, 340). jalovciak, jalovcak, jalovcák (des genévriers), bravník, brávnik (id.), boroSiak, boróSék, borókaS(id.).

Pol. Kwiczol. (un nom de la Grive musicienne, 340).

Ukr. Brinauka.- brinauka, gorobinnik (des genévriers); jalyvnyk Sjanic, jadlivcak (-) (des genévriers), drizd borovyk Korost. (id.). Synygola Sambir. [cikoten' = Drozd spivocyj, 339]

Bielor. Drozd piskun. [piskun = Drozd spjavun, 339]

Russe Drozd rjabinnik.- rjabinnik ð3.2.54..

Lit. Vitudinis strazdas.- vitudinis strazdas ð5.23.5..- kadaginis paukStis (kadagys = genévrier, cf. all. reg. kaddick, prov. cade),medSarka ð3.6.20..- árasas ð4.6.2..- sniegana.

[smilginisstrazdas = Amalinis strazdas, 340; gilna = zalioji meleta, 270]

Lette Pelèkais strazds. [melstrazds = Sila strazds, 340; dzilna = Zalà dzilna, 340]

Iran Tukà-ye Somàli.

Arm. Sinakernekh.

Georg. BoloSar. (queue noire).

Eg. dujj, summa (gen.).

Hebr. KiHli afor.

Malte Malvizzun tal qtajja.

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